Overview

• 1: DLT
• 2: Traceability
• 3: Value Proposal
• 4: Use Cases
• 5: Under the hood

1 - DLT

What is a DLT?

DLT is an acronym for Distributed Ledger Technology. This concept refers to a distributed database, which is replicated and synchronized across multiple network nodes and accessible to various parties. This technology allows us to store identical record copies on different computers, making it easy for multiple participants to view and update it. Unlike traditional distributed databases, it works like a ledger: only new records can be added, and old ones cannot be deleted or modified. This idea has attracted attention in the last decade because one of its variants, blockchain technology, underpins most cryptocurrencies.

2 - Traceability

The UNE 66.901-92 standard defines traceability as

“the ability to reconstruct the history of use or location of an item or product using a registered identification”

• Traceability allows products and goods to be tracked as they move along the value chain, obtaining reliable information on the origin of inputs, supplier sourcing practices and transformation processes.
• It offers companies the ability to identify strategic opportunities in optimizing value chains, innovate much faster, minimize the impact of internal and external supply interruptions, and offer certification of more sustainable processes and products.
• The digitalization of traceability is the starting point for new circular and transparent value chains that reduce the use of materials, and that reuse or recycle products, reducing costs and creating less waste.

3 - Value Proposal

Kore Ledger is the combination of the words “green” in the African language “hausa”, and “ledger”. It is a business initiative to provide the technology and framework necessary for the traceability of origin and life cycle of assets and processes.

The differentiating factor is that it will be done in a decentralized, secure and immune to manipulation manner, also guaranteeing the privacy of the data and the sustainability of the solutions. This approach provides a comprehensive, economical, easy-to-implement and non-invasive solution with the existing digitalization of our clients.

On the other hand, Kore Ledger technology offers the ability to link traceability information from different subjects and at different levels of their life cycle , which makes it the ideal solution in the field of circular economy, sustainable energy production, integral water cycle, carbon footprint, agri-food traceability, industrial safety, etc.

Kore Ledger offers the best technological infrastructure solution for the digitalization of asset and process traceability. Based on a secure distributed ledger technology that is immune to manipulation, it provides levels of scalability much higher than other equivalent solutions, and in a much more sustainable way.

1. Providing a solutions production line that drastically reduces the time and cost of launching solutions to the market.
2. Supported by a framework that facilitates the formalization of traceability models that satisfy the specific requirements of each client, offering an immediate return

With a technology designed for unlimited scalability, the ability to be executed on devices with limited resources (mobile, IoT,…), support for the most advanced cryptography and maximum energy efficiency.

What differentiates us from a blockchain?

4 - Use Cases

Kore has been designed with traceability use cases in mind. It is considered that in these use cases the vast majority of events are unilateral, which allows taking advantage of Kore’s differentiating features, such as ledger single ownership model. Some Kore technology use cases will be presented as examples to facilitate understanding.

Processes

Any process that requires traceability with high levels of security and confidence, is apt to be a suitable use case to be traced through Kore nodes, for instance, the water cycle. This process describes how the flow of water starts from a point A and passes through a series of other points until it finally returns to the point of origin, simulating a circular path. Along the way, the water flow passes through various entities and processes that cause its volume to decrease. Simultaneously, at some of these points it is possible to analyze the state of that flow by means of sensors or other systems that allow to obtain and generate additional information of the flow itself.

Iot

IoT is defined as The Internet of things. The Internet of things describes physical objects (or groups of such objects) with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks. For example, the smart city concept has recently been gaining momentum.

Today, the benefits of a city are not only limited to physical infrastructure, services and institutional support, but also to the availability and quality of communication channels, and the transmission and exploitation of knowledge from these channels to improve and efficiently provide resources to social infrastructures.

One of the most interesting processes within a smart city, both for its public health implications and its economic nature, is waste management. The first step is to collect the garbage provided by citizens in containers which have sensors or other systems that determine the weight of the container and how full they are. Once the sensor is activated at the value set by the company, the garbage truck picks up the container to take it to the recycling factory, where they are responsible for separating these elements and perform the relevant processes for recycling. Finally, when the process is finished, these materials are put back on sale so that they can be used again and the process explained above is repeated.

Beef Traceability

Beef is a common product in supermarkets and its traceability is crucial to guarantee its quality, safety and origin. With Kore, you can implement a traceability system for beef from field to table by following these steps:

1. Livestock Breeding and Feeding: The system begins with the raising and feeding of livestock on farms. Kore can record information about where cattle come from, their genetics, diet, husbandry conditions and health. Data may include diet type (organic, conventional), medication use, and other important details.
2. Slaughter and Processing: When cattle are slaughtered, Kore records process data, including quality controls, date and location of slaughter. During processing, meat cuts and by-products can be tracked, ensuring traceability of each piece.
3. Transportation and Storage: Kore allows tracking of meat during transportation from the processing plant to distribution centers and stores. Transport conditions, such as temperature, can be monitored to ensure the meat remains in optimal condition.
4. Distribution to Supermarkets: Once the meat reaches supermarkets, Kore can record data on its storage, rotation and display on shelves. Retailers can access detailed information about the origin of meat and its characteristics, allowing them to make informed sales decisions.
5. Sale to the Final Consumer: Consumers can access traceability information through QR codes or labels on the meat packaging. This allows them to know the origin of the meat, its quality history and any other relevant information.

This level of traceability ensures that consumers receive high-quality beef and that food safety standards are met. Additionally, it helps prevent fraud and quickly identify problems in the event of foodborne illness outbreaks.

5 - Under the hood

Rust

Rust is a programming language initially developed by Graydon Hoare in 2006 while working at Mozilla, company that would later officially support the project in 2009, thus achieving its first stable version in 2014. Since then, the popularity and adoption of the language has been increasing due to its features, receiving support from significant companies in the industry such as Microsoft, Meta, Amazon and the Linux Foundation among others.

Rust is the main language of the Kore technology. Its main characteristic is the construction of secure code, it implements a series of features whose purpose is to guarantee memory safety, in addition to adding zero-cost abstractions that facilitate the use of the language without requiring complex syntaxes. Rust is able to provide these advantages without negatively affecting system performance, both from the point of view of the speed of a running process, as well as its energy consumption. In both characteristics, it maintains performances equal or similar to C and C++.

Rust was chosen as a technology precisely because of these characteristics. From Kore ledger, we attach great importance to the security of the developed software and its energy consumption and Rust was precisely the language that met our needs. Also, since it is a modern language, it includes certain utilities and/or features that would allow us to advance more quickly in the development of the technology.

LibP2P

Libp2p is a “stack of technologies” focused on the creation of peer-to-peer applications. Thus, LibP2P allows your application to build nodes capable of interpreting a number of selectable protocols, which can be both message transmission and encryption among others. Libp2p goes a step further by offering the necessary tools to build any protocol from scratch or even to create wrappers of other existing ones or simply to implement a new high-level layer for a protocol while maintaining its low-level operation. LibP2P also manages the transport layer of the node itself and offers solutions to problems known as “NAT Traversal”.

LibP2P also places special emphasis on modularity, in such a way that each and every one of the previously mentioned elements are isolated from each other, can be modified without affecting each other and can be combined as desired, maintaining the principle of single responsibility and allowing code reuse. Once a protocol is developed for LibP2P, it can be used in any application regardless of how different they are from each other. This level of modularity allows even different protocols to be used depending on the medium to be used.

LibP2P was chosen for Kore because of its innovative approach to the creation of P2P applications through its tools and utilities that greatly facilitate development. It was also influenced by the fact that it is a technology with a background in the Web3 sector, as it was originally part of IPFS and has been used in Polkadot and Substrate as well as Ethereum 2.0.

Tokio

Tokio is a library for Rust aimed at facilitating the creation of asynchronous and concurrent applications. It provides the necessary elements for the creation of an execution environment for task management, internally interpreted as “green threads” (which Rust does not natively support). As well, as channels for communication between them among. It is also quite easy to use thanks to its syntax focused on “async / await” and has high scalability thanks to the reduced cost of creating and deleting tasks.

Due to the previously mentioned characteristics and focusing on concurrency and scalability, Tokio is an adequate library for the needs you want to cover with Kore technology.